True / False Questions
41. The elements of expectancy theory are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.
True False
42. An expectancy represents an individual’s belief that a particular outcome is contingent on accomplishing a specific level of performance.
True False
43. An expectancy of “1” indicates that you have no confidence in your ability to perform a given task.
True False
44. Valence refers to the positive or negative value people place on outcomes.
True False
45. A manager can apply expectancy theory by setting goals and giving feedback.
True False
46. Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance.
True False
47. Managers should motivate their subordinates by telling them to “do your best.”
True False
48. Participation by subordinates in determining how to achieve the goal is essential for the goal-setting process to work effectively.
True False
49. The process of altering a job with the intent of improving the quality of the employee’s job experience is called job analysis.
True False
50. Job enlargement puts more variety into a worker’s job.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
91. Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn’t put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to ____.
A. Increase his efficiency
B. Decrease his inputs
C. Increase his outcomes
D. Increase his inputs
E. Decrease his outcomes
92. Pam is attempting to reduce her inequity at work by attending night school for further job training. In other words, she is trying to ____.
A. Find a new comparison other
B. Decrease her inputs
C. Increase her outcomes
D. Increase her inputs
E. Decrease her outcomes
93. The perceived fairness of the processes used to make allocation decisions is called:
A. Distributive justice
B. Procedural justice
C. Interactional justice
D. Interpersonal justice
E. Institutional justice
94. Interactional justice is defined as the perceived fairness of:
A. The process used to make allocation decisions
B. How resources and rewards are allocated
C. How punishment and discipline are determined
D. The quality of interpersonal treatment received
E. Procedures used by the organization
95. Professor Jones learns that faculty members in another college with the same degree, years of teaching experience, and publication record are making significantly more money than he is. He considers this unfair. Which aspect of justice is he reacting to?
A. Institutional
B. Organizational
C. Distributive
D. Procedural
E. Interactional
96. Of the following, which is the most closely aligned with employees’ perceptions of distributive justice?
A. Organizational citizenship behavior
B. Organizational commitment
C. Stress
D. Absenteeism
E. Health problems
97. Of the following, which is the most closely aligned with employees’ perceptions of procedural justice?
A. Job performance
B. Absenteeism
C. Stress
D. Health problems
E. Mental health
98. __________ holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.
A. Equity theory
B. Expectation theory
C. Expectancy theory
D. Self-fulfilling prophecy theory
E. Goal-setting theory
99. Expectancy theory contains three elements; they are:
A. Expectancy, instrumentality, values
B. Expectancy, institution, values
C. Expectancy, instrumentality, valence
D. Expectancy, institution, variance
E. Expectancy, instrumentality, variance
100. An individual’s belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance is called a(an):
A. Expectancy
B. Expectation
C. Instrumentality
D. Valence
E. Value
Essay Questions
127. Describe Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory, with attention to the relationship between job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction. How would a manager use this theory to motivate employees?
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